Konflik Organisasi

Mengelola Konflik Organisasi

Konflik adalah situasi dimana terjadinya saling berbeda pendapat yg menimbulkan pertentangan diantara beberapa orang, kelompok, atau organisasi yg berada dalam posisi oposisi, bukan kerjasama.

Pengertian Konflik

Menurut bahasa, konflik berasal dari bahasa latin yaitu configure yang berarti saling memukul. Secara sosiologis konflik diartikan sebagai suatu proses social antara dua orang atau lebih dimana salah satu pihak berusaha menyingkirkan pihak lain dangan menghancurkannya atau membuat tidak berdaya.

Jenis-jenis Konflik

a.       Konflik dalam diri individu, konflik terjadi bila pada waktu yang sama seseorang memiliki dua keinginan yang tidak mungkin dipenuhi sekaligus.

b.      Konflik antar individu dalam organisasi yang sama, karena pertentangan kepentingan atau keinginan. Hal ini sering terjadi antara dua orang yang berbeda status, jabatan, bidang kerja dan lain-lain.

c.       Konflik antar individu dan kelompok, seringkali berhubungan dengan cara individu menghadapi tekanan-tekanan untuk mencapai konformitas, yang ditekankan kepada mereka oleh kelompok kerja mereka.

d.      Konflik antar kelompok dalam organisasi yang sama, konflik ini merupakan tipe konflik yang banyak terjadi di dalam organisasi-organisasi.Konflik antar lini dan staf, pekerja dan pekerja.

e.      Konflik antar organisasi, konflik ini biasanya disebut dengan persaingan.

Penyebab Timbulnya Konflik

a.       Adanya aspirasi yang tidak ditampung.

b.       Saling ketergantungan tugas.

c.       Ketergantungan satu arah.

d.      Ketidakpuasan, perasaan ketidakadilan.

e.      Distorsi komunikasi.

f.        Tidak ada pedoman.

g.       Aturan yang kurang jelas.

h.      Kurang transparannya beberapa hal.

Cara Penyelesaian Konflik

1.       Akomodasi
Penyelesaian konflik yang menggambarkan kompetisi bayangan cermin yang memberikan keseluruhannya penyelesaian pada pihak lain tanpa ada usaha memperjuangkan tujuannya sendiri. Proses tersebut adalah taktik perdamaian.

2.       Sharing
Suatu pendekatan penyelesaian kompromistis antara dominasi kelompok dan kelompok damai. Satu pihak memberi dan yang lain menerima sesuatu. Kedua kelompok berpikiran moderat, tidak lengkap, tetapi memuaskan.

3.       Penghindaran
Menyangkut ketidakpedulian dari kedua kelompok. Keadaaan ini menggambarkan penarikan kepentingan atau mengacuhkan kepentingan kelompok lain.

4.       Kompetisi
Penyelesaian konflik yang menggambarkan satu pihak mengalahkan atau mengorbankan yang lain. Penyelesaian bentuk kompetisi dikenal dengan istilah win-lose orientation.

5.       Kolaborasi
Bentuk usaha penyelesaian konflik yang memuaskan kedua belah pihak. Usaha ini adalah pendekatan pemecahan problem (problem-solving approach) yang memerlukan integrasi dari kedua pihak.

Ada pula cara lain penyelesaian Konflik

·         Elimination, yaitu pengunduran diri salah satu pihak yang terlibat di dalam konflik, yang diungkapkan dengan ucapan antara lain : kami mengalah, kami keluar, dan sebagainya.

·         Subjugation atau domination, yaitu orang atau pihak yang mempunyai kekuatan terbesar untuk dapat memaksa orang atau pihak lain menaatinya. Sudah barang tentu cara ini bukan suatu cara pemecahan yang memuaskan bagi pihak-pihak yang terlibat.

·         Majority rule, yaitu suara terbanyak yang ditentukan melalui voting untuk mengambil keputusan tanpa mempertimbangkan argumentasi.

·         Minority consent, yaitu kemenangan kelompok mayoritas yang diterima dengan senang hati oleh kelompok minoritas. Kelompok minoritas sama sekali tidak merasa dikalahkan dan sepakat untuk melakukan kerja sama dengan kelompok mayoritas.

·         Kompromi, yaitu jalan tengah yang dicapai oleh pihak-pihak yang terlibat di dalam konflik.

·         Integrasi, yaitu mendiskusikan, menelaah, dan mempertimbangkan kembali pendapat-pendapat sampai diperoleh suatu keputusan yang memaksa semua pihak.
     
      DiSadur dari :
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyelesaian_konflik
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konflik
http://pratamafahmi.blogspot.com/2011/01/manajemen-konflik-dalam-organisasi.html
- Ann Marriner –Tomey ( 1996 ) . Guide To Nursing Management and Leadership. Mosby – Year Book, Inc St Louis USA.

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Flowchart Pembuatan Website

Flowchart :

flowchart diatas adalah tata urutan pembuatan sebuah situs website, dalam membuat situs website kita memerlukan bahan, desain, model, dll, hingga menjadi sebuah situs web yang benar.

Disadur : http://supono.wordpress.com/2008/04/03/tahapan-pembuatan-website/
Waiting for Update !

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TEORI ORGANISASI

Teori Organisasi

                Manusia sebagai mahluk sosial yang cenderung untuk hidup bermasyarakat yang mengatur dan mengorganisasikan kegiatan untuk mencapai suatu tujuan namun karena keterbatasan kemampuan mustahil untuk tidak adanya antar kerjasama satu sama lain. Hal tersebut yang membuat manusia untuk hidup dalam berorganisasi.

Organisasi menurut Ernest Dale adalah suatu proses perencanaan yang meliputi penyusunan, pengembangan, dan pemeliharaan suatu struktur atau pola hubungan kerja dari orang-orang dalam suatu kerja kelompok.

Unsur-unsur organisasi secara terperinci :

1.Man

         Man (orang-orang), dalam kehidupan organisasi atau ketatalembagaan sering disebut dengan istilah pegawai atau personnel. Pegawai atau personnel terdiri dari semua anggota atau warga organisasi, yang menurut fungsi dan tingkatannya terdiri dari unsur pimpinan (administrator) sebagai unsur pimpinan tertinggi dalam organisasi.

2. Kerjasama

          Kerjasama merupakan suatu perbuatan bantu-membantu akan suatu perbuatan yang dilakukan secara bersama-sama untuk mencapai tujuan bersama.

3. Tujuan Bersama

         Tujuan merupakan arah atau sasaran yang dicapai. Tujuan menggambarkan tentang apa yang akan dicapai atau yang diharapkan. Tujuan merupakan titik akhir tentang apa yang harus dikerjakan.

4. Peralatan (Equipment)

          Unsur yang keempat adalah peralatan atau equipment yang terdiri dari semua sarana, berupa materi, mesin-mesin, uang, dan barang modal lainnya (tanah, gedung/bangunan/kantor).

5. Lingkungan (Environment)

       Faktor lingkungan misalnya : keadaan sosial, budaya, ekonomi dan teknologi.

6. Kekayaan Alam

          Yang termasuk dalam kekayaan alam ini misalnya keadaan iklim, udara, air, cuaca (geografi, hidrografi, geologi, klimatologi), flora dan fauna.

Bentuk-Bentuk Organisasi

1.       Ditinjau dari Jumlah Pucuk Pimpinan

-        Bentuk organisasi tunggal adalah organisasi yang pucuk pimpinannya ada di tangan seorang. Sebutan jabatan untuk bentuk tunggal antara lain Presiden, Direktur, Kepala, Ketua; di dalam struktur organisasi pemerintahan dikenal sebutan jabatan Menteri, Gubernur, Bupati, Walikota, Walikotamadya, Camat, Lurah; dalam struktur organisasi perguruan tinggi dikenal sebutan jabatan Rektor, Dekan.

-        Bentuk organisasi jamak adalah organisasi yang pucuk pimpinannya ada di tangan beberapa orang sebagai satu kesatuan. Sebutan jabatan yang digunakan antara lain Presidium, Direksi, Direktorium, Dewan, Majelis.

2.       Ditinjau dari Saluran Wewenang

-        Bentuk organisasi jalur adalah organisasi yang wewenang dari pucuk pimpinan dilimpahkan kepada satuan-satuan organisasi di bawahnya dalam semua bidang pekerjaan, baik pekerjaan pokok maupun pekerjaan bantuan.

-        Bentuk organisasi fungsional adalah organisasi yang wewenang dari pucuk pimpinan dilimpahkan kepada satuan-satuan organisasi di bawahnya dalam bidang pekerjaan tertentu; pimpinan tiap bidang berhak memerintah kepada semua pelaksana yang ada sepanjang menyangkut bidang kerjanya.

-        Bentuk organisasi jalur dan staff adalah organisasi yang wewenang dari pucuk pimpinan dilimpahkan kepada satuan-satuan organisasi di bawahnya dalam semua bidang pekerjaan baik pekerjaan pokok maupun pekerjaan bantuan; dan di bawah pucuk pimpinan atau pimpinan satuan organisasi yang memerlukan diangkat pejabat yang tidak memiliki wewenang komando tetapi hanya dapat memberikan nasehat tentang keahlian tertentu.

-        Bentuk organisasi fungsional dan staff adalah organisasi yang wewenang dari pucuk pimpinan dilimpahkan kepada satuan-satuan organisasi di bawahnya dalam bidang pekerjaan tertentu, pimpinan tiap bidang kerja dapat memerintah semua pelaksana yang ada sepanjang menyangkut bidang kerjanya; dan di bawah pucuk pimpinan atau pimpinan satuan diangkat pejabat yang tidak memiliki wewenang komando tetapi hanya dapat memberikan nasehat tentang bidang keahlian tertentu.

-        Bentuk organisasi fungsional dan jalur adalah organisasi yang wewenang dari pucuk pimpinan dilimpahkan kepada satuan-satuan organisasi di bawahnya dalam bidang pekerjaan tertentu, pimpinan tiap bidang kerja berhak memerintah kepada semua pelaksana yang ada sepanjang menyangkut bidang kerjanya; dan tiap-tiap satuan pelaksana ke bawah memiliki wewenang dalam semua bidang kerja.

-        Bentuk organisasi jalur, fungsional dan staff adalah organisasi yang wewenang dari pucuk pimpinan dilimpahkan kepada satuan-satuan organisasi di bawahnya dalam bidang pekerjaan tertentu, pimpinan tiap bidang berhak memerintah kepada semua pelaksana yang ada sepanjang menyangkut bidang kerjanya; dan tiap-tiap satuan pelaksana ke bawah memiliki wewenang dalam semua bidang kerja; dan di bawah pucuk pimpinan atau pimpinan bidang diangkat pejabat yang tidak memiliki wewenang komando tetapi hanya dapat memberikan nasehat tentang bidang keahlian tertentu.

1. TEORI ORGANISASI KLASIK

       Teori ini biasa disebut dengan “teori tradisional” atau disebut juga “teori mesin”. Berkembang mulai 1800-an (abad 19). Dalam teori ini organisasi digambarkan sebuah lembaga yang tersentralisasi dan tugas-tugasnnya terspesialisasi serta memberikan petunjuk mekanistik structural yang kaku tidak mengandung kreatifitas.

Dikatakan teori mesin karena organisasi ini menganggab manusia bagaikan sebuah onderdil yang setiap saat bisa dipasang dan digonta-ganti sesuai kehendak pemimpin.

Defisi Organisasi menurut Teori Klasik:

     Organisasi merupakan struktur hubungan, kekuasaan-kejuasaan, tujuan-tujuan, peranan- peranan, kegiatan-kegiatan, komunikasi dan factor-faktor lain apabila orang bekerja sama.

Sedangkan menurut penganut teori klasik suatu organisasi tergantung pada empat kondisi pokok: Kekuasaan) Saling melayani) Doktrin) Disiplin)

Teori Klasik berkembang dalam 3 Aliran:

• BIROKRASI) Dikembangkan dari Ilmu Sosiologi

• ADMINISTRASI) Langsung dari praktek manajemen memusatkan Aspek Makro sebuah organisasi.

• MANAJEMEN ILMIAH) Langsung dari praktek manajemen memusatkan Aspek Mikro sebuah organisasi.

2. TEORI NEOKLASIK

       Aliran yang berikutnya muncul adalah aliran Neoklasik disebut juga dengan “Teori Hubungan manusiawi”. Teori ini muncul akibat ketidakpuasan dengan teori klasik dan teori merupakan penyempurnaan teori klasik. Teori ini menekankan pada “pentingnya aspek psikologis dan social karyawan sebagai individu ataupun kelompok kerja”.

Dalam pembagian kerja Neoklasik memandang perlunya:

a. Partisipasi

b. Perluasan kerja

c. Manajemen bottom_up

3. TEORI MODERN

         Teori ini muncul pada tahun 1950 sebagai akibat ketidakpuasan dua teori sebelumnya yaitu klasik dan neoklasik. Teori Modern sering disebut dengan teori “Analiasa Sistem” atau “Teori Terbuka” yang memadukan antara teori klasik dan neokalsi. Teori Organisasi Modern melihat bahwa semua unsure organisasi sebagai satu kesatuan yang saling bergantung dan tidak bisa dipisahkan. Organisasi bukan system tertutup yang berkaitan dengan lingkungan yang stabil akan tetapi organisasi merupakan system terbuka yang berkaitan dengan lingkunngan dan apabila ingin survivel atau dapat bertahan hidup maka ia harus bisa beradaptasi dengan lingkungan.

Disadur dari :

http://wulanfarlan.blogspot.com/2010/11/3-unsur-dalam-organisasi.html

http://koriistikomahngeblogs.blogspot.com/2010/11/ciri-ciri-organisasi-unsur-unsur.html

s_tiwi.staff.gunadarma.ac.id/Downloads/files/17350/MINGGU_3.doc

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Macam-Macam BSOD ! dan cara menanggulanginya !

Sekedar mengangkat dari web, bermaksud agar dapat lebih banyak pembaca memahami masalah tentang BSOD ( Blue Screen Of Death ! ).



Stop 0x0000000A or IRQL_NOT_LESS_OR_EQUAL


The Stop 0xA message indicates that a kernel-mode process or driver attempted to access a memory location to which it did not have permission, or at a kernel interrupt request level (IRQL) that was too high. A kernel-mode process can access only other processes that have an IRQL lower than, or equal to, its own. This Stop message is typically due to faulty or incompatible hardware or software.

Possible Resolutions:

• A Stop 0xA message might occur after installing a faulty device driver, system service, or firmware. If a Stop message lists a driver by name, disable, remove, or roll back the driver to correct the problem. If disabling or removing drivers resolves the issues, contact the manufacturer about a possible update. Using updated software is especially important for multimedia applications, antivirus scanners, and CD mastering tools.

• A Stop 0xA message might also be due to failing or defective hardware. If a Stop message points to a category of devices (video or disk adapters, for example), try removing or replacing the hardware to determine if it is causing the problem.

• If you encounter a Stop 0xA message while upgrading to Windows XPl, the problem might be due to an incompatible driver, system service, virus scanner, or backup. To avoid problems while upgrading, simplify your hardware configuration and remove all third-party device drivers and system services (including virus scanners) prior to running setup. After you have successfully installed Windows XP, contact the hardware manufacturer to obtain compatible updates. 

Stop 0x0000001E or KMODE_EXCEPTION_NOT_HANDLED

The Stop 0x1E message indicates that the Windows XP kernel detected an illegal or unknown processor instruction. The problems that cause Stop 0x1E messages share similarities with those that generate Stop 0xA errors in that they can be due to invalid memory and access violations. This default Windows XP error handler typically intercepts these problems if error-handling routines are not present in the code itself.

Possible Resolutions:

• Stop 0x1E messages typically occur after installing faulty drivers or system services, or they can indicate hardware problems, such as memory and IRQ conflicts. If a Stop message lists a driver by name, disable, remove, or roll it back to correct the problem. If disabling or removing applications and drivers resolves the issue, contact the hardware manufacturer about a possible update. Using updated software is especially important for multimedia applications, antivirus scanners, and CD mastering tools.

• If the Stop message mentions the file Win32k.sys, the source of the error might be a third-party "remote control" program. If such software is installed, you might be able to disable it by starting the system in safe mode. If not, use Recovery Console to manually delete the system service file that is causing the problem.

• Problems can result from system firmware incompatibilities. Many Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) issues can be resolved by updating to the latest firmware.

• Other possible causes include insufficient disk space while installing applications or performing certain functions that require more memory. You can free up space by deleting unneeded files. Use Disk Cleanup to increase available disk space. From Recovery Console, remove temporary files (those with .tmp file extensions), Internet cache files, application backup files, and .tmp files generated by Chkdsk.exe or Autochk.exe. You can also choose to install additional applications to another hard disk with more free space or move data files, paging files, and so on.

• The problem might be due to a memory leak caused by an application or service that is not releasing memory correctly. Poolmon (Poolmon.exe) helps you to isolate the components that are causing kernel memory leaks. For more information about troubleshooting memory leaks, see Microsoft Knowledgebase articles Q177415, "How to Use Poolmon to Troubleshoot Kernel Mode Memory Leaks," and Q298102, "Finding Pool Tags Used by Third Party Files Without Using the Debugger." 

Stop 0x00000024 or NTFS_FILE_SYSTEM

The Stop 0x24 message indicates that a problem occurred within Ntfs.sys, the driver file that allows the system to read and write to NTFS file system drives. A similar Stop message, 0x23, exists for the file allocation table (FAT16 or FAT32) file systems.

Possible Resolutions:

• Malfunctioning SCSI and Advanced Technology Attachment (ATA) hardware or drivers can also adversely affect the system's ability to read and write to disk, causing errors. If using SCSI hard disks, check for cabling and termination problems between the SCSI controller and the disks. Periodically check Event Viewer for error messages related to SCSI or FASTFAT in the System log or Autochk in the Application log. 

• Verify that the tools you use to continually monitor your system, such as virus scanners, backup programs, or disk defragmenters are compatible with Windows XP. Some disks and adapters come packaged with diagnostic software that you can use to run hardware tests. 
To test hard disk or volume integrity

Method 1:

1. In the Run dialog box, in the Open box type: 
cmd 

2. Start the Chkdsk tool, which detects and attempts to resolve file system structural corruption. At the command prompt type: 
chkdsk drive: /f 

Method 2:

1. Double-click My Computer, and then select the hard disk you want to check. 
2. On the File menu, click Properties. 
3. Click the Tools tab. 
4. In the Error-checking box, click Check Now. 
5. In Check disk options, select the Scan for and attempt recovery of bad sectors check box. You can also select the Automatically fix file system errors check box. 

If the volume you are checking is in use, a message asks whether you want to delay disk error checking until the next time you restart your computer. After you restart, disk error checking runs and the volume chosen is not available to run other tasks during this process. If you cannot restart the computer due to the error, use safe mode or Recovery Console.

If you are not using the NTFS file system, and the system partition is formatted with the file allocation table (FAT16 or FAT32) file system, long file name (LFN) information can be lost if hard disk tools are started from an MS-DOS command prompt. A command prompt appears when using a startup floppy disk or when using the command prompt startup option on multiple boot systems that use FAT16 or FAT32 partitions with Microsoft® Windows® 95 OEM Service Release 2 (OSR2), Microsoft® Windows® 98, or Microsoft® Windows® Millennium Edition (Me) installed. Do not use tools meant for other operating systems on Windows XP partitions! 

• Nonpaged pool memory might be depleted, which can cause the system to stop. You can resolve this situation by adding more RAM, which increases the quantity of nonpaged pool memory available to the kernel. 

Stop 0x0000002E or DATA_BUS_ERROR

The Stop 0x2E message indicates a system memory parity error. The cause is typically failed or defective RAM (including motherboard, Level 2 cache, or video memory), incompatible or mismatched memory hardware, or when a device driver attempts to access an address in the 0x8xxxxxxx range that does not exist (does not map to a physical address). A Stop 0x2E message can also indicate hard disk damage caused by viruses or other problems.

Possible Resolutions:

• Stop 0x2E is typically due to defective, malfunctioning, or failed memory hardware, such as memory modules, Level 2 (L2) SRAM cache, or video adapter RAM. If you added new hardware recently, remove and replace it to determine if it is causing or contributing to the problem. Run diagnostics software supplied by the system manufacturer to determine if the component has failed.

• Stop 0x2E messages can also occur after installing faulty drivers or system services. If a file name is given, you need to disable, remove, or roll back that driver. Disable the service or application and confirm that this resolves the error. If so, contact the hardware manufacturer about a possible update. Using updated software is especially important for backup programs, multimedia applications, antivirus scanners, and CD mastering tools.

• Hard disk corruption can also cause this Stop message.

• The problem might also be due to cracks, scratched traces, or defective components on the motherboard. If all else fails, take the system motherboard to a repair facility for diagnostic testing. 

Stop 0x0000003F or NO_MORE_SYSTEM_PTES

The Stop 0x3F message indicates one or more of the following problems:

• The system Page Table Entries (PTEs) are depleted or fragmented due to the system performing a large number of input/output (I/O) actions. 

• A faulty device driver is not managing memory properly. 

• An application, such as a backup program, is improperly allocating large amounts of kernel memory. 

Possible Resolutions:

• Stop 0x3F messages can occur after installing faulty drivers or system services. If a file name is given, you need to disable, remove, or roll back that driver. Disable the service or application and confirm that this resolves the error. If so, contact the hardware manufacturer about a possible update. Using updated software is especially important for backup programs, multimedia applications, antivirus scanners, and CD mastering tools. 

• The system might not actually be out of PTEs, but a contiguous memory block of sufficient size is not available to satisfy a driver or application request. Check for the availability of updated driver or application files and consult the hardware or program documentation for minimum system requirements. 

• Another cause is excessive demands for system PTE by applications. This situation is more common in server environments. Windows XP Professional provides a registry entry, SystemPages, that you can use to increase the number of PTEs allocated. 
Caution

o Do not edit the registry unless you have no alternative. The registry editor bypasses standard safeguards, allowing settings that can damage your system, or even require you to reinstall Windows. If you must edit the registry, back it up first... 

To increase the number of PTEs allocated in the registry
1. In the Run dialog box, and in the Open box, type: regedit 

2. In the registry editor, navigate to the subkey HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\
Session Manager\Memory Management. 

3. Double-click on PagedPoolSize and SystemPages to view the value for each entry. 

4. If PagedPoolSize is not zero, assign a value of 0. 

5. If SystemPages is not zero, assign a value of 40000 for systems with 128 MB (or less) of memory, or 110000 for systems with 128 MB to 256 MB of memory. For systems with more memory, do not increase the SystemPages value above 110000 without contacting Microsoft technical support. 

6. Click OK, and then close the registry editor. 

7. Restart your computer. 

Stop 0x00000050 or PAGE_FAULT_IN_NONPAGED_AREA

The Stop 0x50 message indicates that requested data was not in memory. The system generates an exception error when using a reference to an invalid system memory address. Defective memory (including main memory, L2 RAM cache, video RAM) or incompatible software (including remote control and antivirus software) might cause Stop 0x50 messages.

Possible Resolutions:

• If you added new hardware recently, remove and replace the hardware to determine if it is causing or contributing to the problem. Run diagnostics software supplied by the hardware manufacturer to determine if the component has failed. 

• Stop 0x50 messages can also occur after installing faulty drivers or system services. If the file name is listed, you need to disable, remove, or roll back that driver. If not, disable the recently installed service or application to determine if this resolves the error. If this does not resolve the problem, contact the hardware manufacturer for updates. Using updated drivers and software is especially important for network interface cards, video adapters, backup programs, multimedia applications, antivirus scanners, and CD mastering tools. If an updated driver is not available, attempt to use a driver from a similar device in the same family. For example, if printing to a Model 1100C printer causes Stop 0x50 errors, using a printer driver meant for a Model 1100A or Model 1000 might temporarily resolve the problem. 

Stop 0x00000077 or KERNEL_STACK_INPAGE_ERROR

The Stop 0x77 message indicates that a page of kernel data requested from the paging (virtual memory) file could not be found or read into memory. This Stop message can also indicate disk hardware failure, disk data corruption, or possible virus infection.
Possible Resolutions:

• Stop 0x77 messages can be caused by bad sectors in the virtual memory paging file or a disk controller error. In extremely rare cases, depleted nonpaged pool resources can cause this error. If the first and third parameters are zero, the stack signature in the kernel stack is missing, which is an error typically caused by defective hardware. If the I/O status is 0xC0000185 and the paging file is on a SCSI disk, check for cabling and termination issues. An I/O status code of 0xC000009C or 0xC000016A indicates that the requested data could not be found. You can try to correct this by restarting the computer. If a problem with disk integrity exists, Autochk, a program that attempts to mark bad disk sectors as defective so that they are not used in the future, starts automatically. If Autochk fails to run, you can manually perform the integrity check yourself by following the instructions to run Chkdsk provided in "Stop 0x00000024 or NTFS_FILE_SYSTEM" earlier in this list.

• Another cause of Stop 0x77 messages is defective, malfunctioning, or failed memory hardware, such as memory modules, Level 2 (L2) SRAM cache, or video adapter RAM. If you added new hardware recently, remove and replace it to determine if it is causing or contributing to the problem. Run diagnostics software supplied by the system manufacturer to determine if the component has failed. 

• The problem might also be due to cracks, scratched traces, or defective components on the motherboard. If all else fails, take the system motherboard to a repair facility for diagnostic testing. 

• Problems that cause Stop 0x77 messages can also cause Stop 0x7A messages. For more information about Stop 0x7A messages, see "Stop 0x0000007A or KERNEL_DATA_INPAGE_ERROR" later in this list. 

Stop 0x00000079 or MISMATCHED_HAL

The Stop 0x79 message indicates that the hardware abstraction layer (HAL) and the kernel type for the computer do not match. This error most often occurs when ACPI firmware settings are changed. For example, you might install Windows XP on an x86-based computer with the firmware ACPI enable option enabled and later decide to disable it. This error can also result when mismatched single and multi-processor configuration files are copied to the system.

Possible Resolutions:

• A Stop 0x79 message occurs when the system is using out-of-date Ntoskrnl.exe or Hal.dll files. This can occur after manual repairs that involve copying incorrect files to the system. This error also occurs when using mismatched files, such as copying a multiprocessor HAL on to a system using a single-processor kernel (or vice versa). The kernel and HAL files for single-processor and multiprocessor systems are stored on the Windows XP Professional operating system CD using two different file names. For example, the single and multi-processor versions of the kernel, named Ntoskrnl.exe and Ntkrnlmp.exe respectively. Setup copies either Ntoskrnl.exe or Ntkrnlmp.exe to your system as Ntoskrnl.exe. In Recovery Console, you can use the Copy command to copy the correct HAL or kernel files from the CD to the appropriate folder on the hard disk.

• If you experience Stop 0x79 messages after changing firmware settings, restore the original settings used during Windows XP Professional Setup. 

Because systems that use the ACPI HAL ignore IRQ assignments stored in firmware, you can only manually change IRQ settings for non-ACPI (Standard PC HAL) systems. Some x86-based provide the option to toggle ACPI functionality. To disable or re-enable ACPI, you must change firmware settings and reinstall Windows XP. Because of the numerous registry and system file changes required, you must run Setup again (an upgrade installation does not work). 

Stop 0x0000007A or KERNEL_DATA_INPAGE_ERROR

The Stop 0x7A message indicates that a page of kernel data was not found in the paging (virtual memory) file and could not be read into memory. This might be due to incompatible disk or controller drivers, firmware, or hardware.

Frequently, the cause of this error can be determined from the second parameter, the I/O status code. Some common status codes are:

• 0xC000009A, or STATUS_INSUFFICIENT_RESOURCES, indicates a lack of nonpaged pool resources. 

• 0xC000009C, or STATUS_DEVICE_DATA_ERROR, indicates bad blocks (sectors) on the hard disk. 

• 0xC000009D, or STATUS_DEVICE_NOT_CONNECTED, indicates defective or loose data or power cables, a problem with SCSI termination, or improper controller or disk configuration. 

• 0xC000016A, or STATUS_DISK_OPERATION_FAILED, indicates bad blocks (sectors) on the hard disk. 

• 0xC0000185, or STATUS_IO_DEVICE_ERROR, indicates improper termination, defective storage controller hardware, or defective disk cabling, or two devices attempting to use the same resources. 

Possible Resolutions:

• Stop 0x7A can be caused by bad sectors in the virtual memory paging file, disk controller error, virus infection, or memory hardware problems. In extremely rare cases, depleted nonpaged pool resources can cause this error. If the first and third parameters are zero, the stack signature in the kernel stack is missing, an error typically caused by defective hardware. If the I/O status is 0xC0000185 and the paging file is on a SCSI disk, check for cabling and termination issues. An I/O status code of 0xC000009C or 0xC000016A indicates that the requested data could not be found. You can try to correct this by restarting the computer. If a problem with disk integrity exists, Autochk, a program that attempts to mark bad disk sectors as defective so that they are not used in the future, starts automatically. If Autochk fails to run, you can manually perform the integrity check yourself by following the instructions to run Chkdsk provided in "Stop 0x00000024 or NTFS_FILE_SYSTEM" earlier in this appendix. 

• Another cause of Stop 0x7A messages is defective, malfunctioning, or failed memory hardware, such as memory modules, Level 2 (L2) SRAM cache, or video adapter RAM. If you added new hardware recently, remove and replace it to determine if it is causing or contributing to the problem. Run diagnostics software supplied by the system manufacturer to determine if the component has failed. 

• Check the hardware manufacturer's Web site for updates to disk adapter firmware or drivers that improve compatibility. Verify that your disks and controller support the same set of advanced features, such as higher transfer rates. If necessary, select a slower transfer rate if an update is not yet available. Consult your hardware or device documentation for more information. 

IMPORTANT
o You can install disk controller drivers not present on the Windows XP Professional operating system CD by responding to the following prompt shortly after starting Setup: 

o Press F6 if you need to install a third party SCSI or RAID driver. 

o Press F6, and when prompted, provide the appropriate storage controller driver (ATA or SCSI) supplied by the manufacturer. 

• The problem might also be due to cracks, scratched traces, or defective components on the motherboard. If all else fails, take the system motherboard to a repair facility for diagnostic testing. 

• Problems that cause Stop 0x7A messages can also cause Stop 0x77 messages. For more information about Stop 0x77 messages, see "Stop 0x00000077 or KERNEL_STACK_INPAGE_ERROR" earlier in this list. 

Stop 0x0000007B or INACCESSIBLE_BOOT_DEVICE
The Stop 0x7B message indicates that Windows XP has lost access to the system partition or boot volume during the startup process. Installing incorrect device drivers when installing or upgrading storage adapter hardware typically causes stop 0x7B errors. Stop 0x7B errors could also indicate possible virus infection.

The second parameter is very important because it can indicate whether the 0x7B Stop message was caused by file system issues or problems with storage hardware and drivers. Values of 0xC000034 or 0xC000000E typically indicate:

• Disks or storage controllers that are failing, defective, or improperly configured. 

• Storage-related drivers or programs (tape management software, for example) that are not fully compatible with Windows XP Professional. 

Possible Resolutions:

• During I/O system initialization, the controller or driver for the startup device (typically the hard disk) might have failed to initialize the necessary hardware. File system initialization might have failed because of disk or controller failure, or because the file system did not recognize the data on the boot device. 

• Repartitioning disks, adding new disks, or upgrading to a new disk controller might cause the information in the Boot.ini file, or Boot Manager, to become outdated. If this Stop message occurs after installing new disks to your system, edit the Boot.ini file or adjust the Boot Manager parameters to allow the system to start. If the error occurs after upgrading the disk controller, verify that the new hardware is functioning and correctly configured. 

• Verify that the system firmware and disk controller BIOS settings are correct and that the storage device was properly installed. If you are unsure, consult your computer's documentation about restoring default firmware settings or configuring your system to auto-detect settings. If the error occurs during Windows XP Professional setup, the problem might be due to unsupported disk controller hardware. In some cases, drivers for new hardware are not in the Windows XP Professional Driver.cab library, and you need to provide additional drivers to complete the Windows XP setup successfully. If this is the case, follow the hardware manufacturer's instructions when installing drivers. Periodically check for driver and firmware updates. 

• Hard disk corruption can also cause this Stop message. For more information about checking hard disk integrity, see the instructions provided in "Stop 0x00000024 or NTFS_FILE_SYSTEM" earlier in this list. 

• Problems that cause 0x7B errors might also cause Stop 0xED errors. For more information about 0xED Stop messages, see "Stop 0x0000007B or INACCESSIBLE_BOOT_DEVICE" later in this list. 

Stop 0x0000007F or UNEXPECTED_KERNEL_MODE_TRAP

The Stop 0x7F message indicates that one of three types of problems occurred in kernel-mode:

• A condition that the kernel is not allowed to have or intercept (also known as a bound trap). 

• Software problems. 

• Hardware failures. 

Possible Resolutions:

• Stop 0x7F messages are typically due to defective, malfunctioning, or failed memory hardware. If you added new hardware recently, remove and replace it to determine if it is causing or contributing to the problem. Run diagnostics software supplied by the system manufacturer to determine if the component has failed. 

• Running the CPU beyond the rated specification, known as "overclocking," can cause Stop 0x7F or other error messages due to heat buildup. When diagnosing problems on overclocked systems, first restore all clock and bus speed settings to the manufacturer recommended values to determine if this resolves the issues. 

• The problem might also be due to cracks, scratched traces, or defective components on the motherboard. If all else fails, take the system motherboard to a repair facility for diagnostic testing. 

• Stop 0x7F messages can occur after installing incompatible applications, drivers, or system services. Contact the software manufacturer about possible Windows XP specific updates. Using updated software is especially important for backup programs, multimedia applications, antivirus scanners, and CD mastering tools. 

Stop 0x0000009F or DRIVER_POWER_STATE_FAILURE

The Stop 0x9F message indicates that a driver is in an inconsistent or invalid power state.

Possible Resolutions:

• Stop 0x9F messages can occur after installing faulty applications or drivers or system services. If a file is listed by name and you can associate it with an application, uninstall the application. For drivers, disable, remove, or roll back that driver to to determine if this resolves the error. If it does, contact the hardware manufacturer for a possible update. Using updated software is especially important for backup programs, multimedia applications, antivirus scanners, and CD mastering tools. 

• For information about troubleshooting standby and hibernate mode issues, see KB article Q266169, "How to Troubleshoot Problems with Standby Mode, Hibernate Mode, and Shutting Down Your Computer in Windows 2000." 

Stop 0xBE or ATTEMPTED_WRITE_TO_READONLY_MEMORY

The Stop 0xBE message indicates that a driver attempted to write to read-only memory.

Possible Resolutions:
• A Stop 0xBE message might occur after installing a faulty device driver, system service, or firmware. If a Stop message lists a driver by name, disable, remove, or roll back the driver to correct the problem. If disabling or removing drivers resolves the issues, contact the manufacturer about a possible update. Using updated software is especially important for multimedia applications, antivirus scanners, DVD playback, and CD mastering tools. 

Stop 0xC2 or BAD_POOL_CALLER

The Stop 0xC2 message indicates that a kernel-mode process or driver incorrectly attempted to perform memory operations in the following ways:

• By allocating a memory pool size of zero bytes. 
• By allocating a memory pool that does not exist. 
• By attempting to free a memory pool that is already free. 
• By allocating or freeing a memory pool at an IRQL that was too high.

This Stop message is typically due to a faulty driver or software.

Possible Resolutions:

• A Stop 0xC2 messages might occur after installing a faulty device driver, system service, or firmware. If a Stop message lists a driver by name, disable, remove, or roll back the driver to correct the problem. If disabling or removing drivers resolves the issues, contact the manufacturer about a possible update. Using updated software is especially important for multimedia applications, antivirus scanners, DVD playback, and CD mastering tools. 

• A Stop 0xC2 messages might also be due to failing or defective hardware. If a Stop message points to a category of devices (such as disk controllers, for example), try removing or replacing the hardware to determine if it is causing the problem. 

• If you encounter a Stop 0xC2 message while upgrading to Windows XP, the problem might be due to an incompatible driver, system service, virus scanner, or backup. To avoid problems while upgrading, simplify your hardware configuration and remove all third-party device drivers and system services (including virus scanners) prior to running setup. After you have successfully installed Windows XP, contact the hardware manufacturer to obtain compatible updates. 

Stop 0x000000CE or DRIVER_UNLOADED_WITHOUT
_CANCELLING_PENDING_OPERATIONS

This Stop messages indicates that a driver failed to cancel pending operations before exiting.

Possible Resolutions:
• Stop 0xCE messages can occur after installing faulty drivers or system services. If a driver is listed by name, disable, remove, or roll back that driver to confirm that this resolves the error. If so, contact the manufacturer about a possible update. Using updated software is especially important for backup programs, multimedia applications, antivirus scanners, DVD playback, and CD mastering tools. 

Stop 0x000000D1 or DRIVER_IRQL_NOT_LESS_OR_EQUAL

The Stop 0xD1 messages indicates that the system attempted to access pageable memory using a kernel process IRQL that was too high. Drivers that have used improper addresses typically cause this error.

Possible Resolutions:

• Stop 0xD1 messages can occur after installing faulty drivers or system services. If a driver is listed by name, disable, remove, or roll back that driver to confirm that this resolves the error. If so, contact the manufacturer about a possible update. Using updated software is especially important for backup programs, multimedia applications, antivirus scanners, DVD playback, and CD mastering tools. 

Stop 0x000000EA or THREAD_STUCK_IN_DEVICE_DRIVER

A device driver problem is causing the system to pause indefinitely. Typically, this problem is caused by a display driver waiting for the video hardware to enter an idle state. This might indicate a hardware problem with the video adapter or a faulty video driver.

Possible Resolutions:

• Stop 0xD1 messages can occur after installing faulty drivers (especially video drivers) or system services. If a driver is listed by name, disable, remove, or roll back that driver to confirm that this resolves the error. If so, contact the manufacturer about a possible update. Using updated software is especially important for backup programs, multimedia applications, antivirus scanners, DVD playback, and CD mastering tools. 

Stop 0x000000ED or UNMOUNTABLE_BOOT_VOLUME

The kernel mode I/O subsystem attempted to mount the boot volume and it failed. This error might also occur during an upgrade to Windows XP Professional on systems that use higher throughput ATA disks or controllers with incorrect cabling. In some cases, your system might appear to work normally after you restart.

Possible Resolutions:

• If using higher throughput ATA disks and controllers, those capable of data transfer rates above 33.3 megabytes per second, replace the standard 40-pin cable with an 80-pin cable. Using an 80-pin cable is optional for transfer rates up to and including 33.3 megabytes per second, but is mandatory for higher transfer rates. The additional grounded pins are required to avoid data loss. 

• Some firmware enables you to force higher transfer rates even when you are using the incorrect cable type. Your firmware might issue a warning but allow the startup process to proceed. Restore the default firmware setting for ATA cable detection. 

• Problems that cause 0xED errors might also cause Stop 0x7B errors. For more information about 0x7B Stop messages, see "Stop 0x0000007B or INACCESSIBLE_BOOT_DEVICE" earlier in this appendix. 

Stop 0xC0000221 or STATUS_IMAGE_CHECKSUM_MISMATCH

This Stop message indicates driver, system file, or disk corruption problems (such as a damaged paging file). Faulty memory hardware can also cause this Stop message to appear.

Possible Resolutions:

• You can use Driver Rollback or System Restore from safe mode, to restore a previous driver. You can also use Windows XP Professional recovery features such as the Last Known Good Configuration startup option, Backup, or Automated System Recovery to restore a previous working configuration. After restoring from backup media, you might need to reapply service packs or hotfixes, depending on when the backups were made. 

• If the Stop message names the specific file, try replacing it manually with a fresh copy from the Windows XP Professional operating system CD using safe mode or Recovery Console. For systems using the FAT16 or FAT32 file system, you have the option of using a Windows 98 or Windows Millennium Edition Emergency Boot Disk to access the hard disk. 
If the original file from the operating system CD has a file name that ends with an underscore (_) character, you cannot use the file until it is uncompressed. The Recovery Console's Copy command is ideal for copying compressed files because it detects and expands them. If you do not specify a destination file name, you must rename the expanded file with the correct extension before using it. From safe mode or Recovery Console, you can use the Expand command to uncompress and copy a file to a destination location. In Recovery Console, the expanded file is given the correct name after being copied to the destination location. For more information about the Copy or Expand commands, see Windows XP Help and Support Centre.


#Credit By : http://www.geekstogo.com/forum/topic/43519-windows-xp-blue-screen-of-death-stop-codes/

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